surrealpatch/core/src/iam/jwks.rs

use crate::dbs::capabilities::NetTarget;
use crate::err::Error;
use crate::kvs::Datastore;
use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, Utc};
use jsonwebtoken::jwk::{Jwk, JwkSet, KeyOperations, PublicKeyUse};
use jsonwebtoken::{DecodingKey, Validation};
use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
use reqwest::{Client, Url};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::str::FromStr;
use std::sync::Arc;
use tokio::sync::RwLock;

pub(crate) type JwksCache = HashMap<String, JwksCacheEntry>;
#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub(crate) struct JwksCacheEntry {
	jwks: JwkSet,
	time: DateTime<Utc>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
static CACHE_EXPIRATION: Lazy<chrono::Duration> = Lazy::new(|| Duration::seconds(1));
#[cfg(not(test))]
static CACHE_EXPIRATION: Lazy<chrono::Duration> =
	Lazy::new(|| match std::env::var("SURREAL_JWKS_CACHE_EXPIRATION_SECONDS") {
		Ok(seconds_str) => {
			let seconds = seconds_str.parse::<u64>().expect(
				"Expected a valid number of seconds for SURREAL_JWKS_CACHE_EXPIRATION_SECONDS",
			);
			Duration::seconds(seconds as i64)
		}
		Err(_) => {
			Duration::seconds(43200) // Set default cache expiration of 12 hours
		}
	});

#[cfg(test)]
static CACHE_COOLDOWN: Lazy<chrono::Duration> = Lazy::new(|| Duration::seconds(300));
#[cfg(not(test))]
static CACHE_COOLDOWN: Lazy<chrono::Duration> =
	Lazy::new(|| match std::env::var("SURREAL_JWKS_CACHE_COOLDOWN_SECONDS") {
		Ok(seconds_str) => {
			let seconds = seconds_str.parse::<u64>().expect(
				"Expected a valid number of seconds for SURREAL_JWKS_CACHE_COOLDOWN_SECONDS",
			);
			Duration::seconds(seconds as i64)
		}
		Err(_) => {
			Duration::seconds(300) // Set default cache refresh cooldown of 5 minutes
		}
	});

#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
static REMOTE_TIMEOUT: Lazy<chrono::Duration> =
	Lazy::new(|| match std::env::var("SURREAL_JWKS_REMOTE_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS") {
		Ok(milliseconds_str) => {
			let milliseconds = milliseconds_str
				.parse::<u64>()
				.expect("Expected a valid number of milliseconds for SURREAL_JWKS_REMOTE_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS");
			Duration::milliseconds(milliseconds as i64)
		}
		Err(_) => {
			Duration::milliseconds(1000) // Set default remote timeout to 1 second
		}
	});

// Generates a verification configuration from a JWKS object hosted in a remote location
// Performs local caching of all JWKS objects to prevent unnecessary network requests
// Implements checks to prevent denial of service and unauthorized network requests
// Validates the JWK objects found in the JWKS object according to RFC 7517
// Source: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517
pub(super) async fn config(
	kvs: &Datastore,
	kid: &str,
	url: &str,
) -> Result<(DecodingKey, Validation), Error> {
	// Retrieve JWKS cache
	let cache = kvs.jwks_cache();
	// Attempt to fetch relevant JWK object either from local cache or remote location
	let jwk = match fetch_jwks_from_cache(cache, url).await {
		Some(jwks) => {
			trace!("Successfully fetched JWKS object from local cache");
			// Check that the cached JWKS object has not expired yet
			if Utc::now().signed_duration_since(jwks.time) < *CACHE_EXPIRATION {
				// Attempt to find JWK in JWKS object from local cache
				match jwks.jwks.find(kid) {
					Some(jwk) => jwk.to_owned(),
					_ => {
						trace!("Could not find valid JWK object with key identifier '{kid}' in cached JWKS object");
						// Check that the cached JWKS object has not been recently updated
						if Utc::now().signed_duration_since(jwks.time) < *CACHE_COOLDOWN {
							debug!("Refused to refresh cache before cooldown period is over");
							return Err(Error::InvalidAuth); // Return opaque error
						}
						find_jwk_from_url(kvs, url, kid).await?
					}
				}
			} else {
				trace!("Fetched JWKS object from local cache has expired");
				find_jwk_from_url(kvs, url, kid).await?
			}
		}
		None => {
			trace!("Could not fetch JWKS object from local cache");
			find_jwk_from_url(kvs, url, kid).await?
		}
	};

	// Check if algorithm specified is supported
	let alg = match jwk.common.algorithm {
		Some(alg) => alg,
		_ => {
			warn!("Invalid value for parameter 'alg' in JWK object: '{:?}'", jwk.common.algorithm);
			return Err(Error::InvalidAuth); // Return opaque error
		}
	};
	// Check if the key use (if specified) is intended to be used for signing
	// Source: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517#section-4.2
	match &jwk.common.public_key_use {
		Some(PublicKeyUse::Signature) => (),
		Some(key_use) => {
			warn!("Invalid value for parameter 'use' in JWK object: '{:?}'", key_use);
			return Err(Error::InvalidAuth); // Return opaque error
		}
		None => (),
	}
	// Check if the key operations (if specified) include verification
	// Source: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517#section-4.3
	if let Some(ops) = &jwk.common.key_operations {
		if !ops.iter().any(|op| *op == KeyOperations::Verify) {
			warn!(
				"Invalid values for parameter 'key_ops' in JWK object: '{:?}'",
				jwk.common.key_operations
			);
			return Err(Error::InvalidAuth); // Return opaque error
		}
	}

	// Return verification configuration if a decoding key can be retrieved from the JWK object
	match DecodingKey::from_jwk(&jwk) {
		Ok(dec) => Ok((dec, Validation::new(alg))),
		Err(err) => {
			warn!("Failed to retrieve decoding key from JWK object: '{}'", err);
			Err(Error::InvalidAuth) // Return opaque error
		}
	}
}

// Checks if network access to a remote location is allowed by the datastore capabilities
// Attempts to find a relevant JWK object inside a JWKS object fetched from the remote location
async fn find_jwk_from_url(kvs: &Datastore, url: &str, kid: &str) -> Result<Jwk, Error> {
	// Check that the datastore capabilities allow connections to the URL host
	if let Err(err) = check_capabilities_url(kvs, url) {
		warn!("Network access to JWKS location is not allowed: '{}'", err);
		return Err(Error::InvalidAuth); // Return opaque error
	}

	// Retrieve JWKS cache
	let cache = kvs.jwks_cache();
	// Attempt to fetch JWKS object from remote location
	match fetch_jwks_from_url(cache, url).await {
		Ok(jwks) => {
			trace!("Successfully fetched JWKS object from remote location");
			// Attempt to find JWK in JWKS by the key identifier
			match jwks.find(kid) {
				Some(jwk) => Ok(jwk.to_owned()),
				_ => {
					debug!("Failed to find JWK object with key identifier '{kid}' in remote JWKS object");
					Err(Error::InvalidAuth) // Return opaque error
				}
			}
		}
		Err(err) => {
			warn!("Failed to fetch JWKS object from remote location: '{}'", err);
			Err(Error::InvalidAuth) // Return opaque error
		}
	}
}

// Returns an error if network access to the address from a given URL string is not allowed
fn check_capabilities_url(kvs: &Datastore, url: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
	let url_parsed = match Url::parse(url) {
		Ok(url) => url,
		Err(_) => {
			return Err(Error::InvalidUrl(url.to_string()));
		}
	};
	let addr = match url_parsed.host_str() {
		Some(host) => {
			if let Some(port) = url_parsed.port() {
				format!("{host}:{port}")
			} else {
				host.to_string()
			}
		}
		None => {
			return Err(Error::InvalidUrl(url.to_string()));
		}
	};
	let target = match NetTarget::from_str(&addr) {
		Ok(host) => host,
		Err(_) => {
			return Err(Error::InvalidUrl(url.to_string()));
		}
	};
	if !kvs.allows_network_target(&target) {
		return Err(Error::InvalidUrl(url.to_string()));
	}

	Ok(())
}

// Attempts to fetch a JWKS object from a remote location and stores it in the cache if successful
async fn fetch_jwks_from_url(cache: &Arc<RwLock<JwksCache>>, url: &str) -> Result<JwkSet, Error> {
	let client = Client::new();
	#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
	let res = client.get(url).timeout((*REMOTE_TIMEOUT).to_std().unwrap()).send().await?;
	#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
	let res = client.get(url).send().await?;
	if !res.status().is_success() {
		warn!("Unsuccessful HTTP status code received when fetching JWKS object from remote location: '{:?}'", res.status());
		return Err(Error::InvalidAuth); // Return opaque error
	}
	let jwks = res.bytes().await?;

	match serde_json::from_slice::<JwkSet>(&jwks) {
		Ok(jwks) => {
			// If successful, cache the JWKS object by its URL
			match store_jwks_in_cache(cache, jwks.clone(), url).await {
				None => trace!("Successfully added JWKS object to local cache"),
				Some(_) => trace!("Successfully updated JWKS object in local cache"),
			};

			Ok(jwks)
		}
		Err(err) => {
			warn!("Failed to parse malformed JWKS object: '{}'", err);
			Err(Error::InvalidAuth) // Return opaque error
		}
	}
}

// Attempts to fetch a JWKS object from the local cache
async fn fetch_jwks_from_cache(
	cache: &Arc<RwLock<JwksCache>>,
	url: &str,
) -> Option<JwksCacheEntry> {
	let path = cache_key_from_url(url);
	let cache = cache.read().await;

	cache.get(&path).cloned()
}

// Attempts to store a JWKS object in the local cache
async fn store_jwks_in_cache(
	cache: &Arc<RwLock<JwksCache>>,
	jwks: JwkSet,
	url: &str,
) -> Option<JwksCacheEntry> {
	let entry = JwksCacheEntry {
		jwks,
		time: Utc::now(),
	};
	let path = cache_key_from_url(url);
	let mut cache = cache.write().await;

	cache.insert(path, entry)
}

// Generates a unique cache key for a given URL string
fn cache_key_from_url(url: &str) -> String {
	let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
	hasher.update(url);
	let result = hasher.finalize();

	format!("{:x}", result)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use crate::dbs::capabilities::{Capabilities, NetTarget, Targets};
	use rand::{distributions::Alphanumeric, Rng};
	use wiremock::matchers::{method, path};
	use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};

	// Use unique path to prevent accidental cache reuse
	fn random_path() -> String {
		let rng = rand::thread_rng();
		rng.sample_iter(&Alphanumeric).take(8).map(char::from).collect()
	}

	static DEFAULT_JWKS: Lazy<JwkSet> = Lazy::new(|| {
		JwkSet{
		keys: vec![Jwk{
			common: jsonwebtoken::jwk::CommonParameters {
				public_key_use: Some(jsonwebtoken::jwk::PublicKeyUse::Signature),
				key_operations: None,
				algorithm: Some(jsonwebtoken::Algorithm::RS256),
				key_id: Some("test_1".to_string()),
				x509_url: None,
				x509_chain: Some(vec![
					"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".to_string(),
				]),
				x509_sha1_fingerprint: None,
				x509_sha256_fingerprint: None,
			},
			algorithm: jsonwebtoken::jwk::AlgorithmParameters::RSA(
				jsonwebtoken::jwk::RSAKeyParameters{
				key_type: jsonwebtoken::jwk::RSAKeyType::RSA,
				n: "2nsSvrRnuw6OLJCqltkiRAGV07-35isdPwyTrrWQ3PwxEZc-lDbquQ7Z9Fkx5Y-ldVzBbTHEsbmhDYjBubUlS4dhstvpYD93963Sw6Q6gQjow_T4xWqsaeuj4PpcajPjI_ybbDwLa7bIXEBz7AC3UAgxY0khiERfq2quWIaeK0MLJ7bBcpyGF7hZy1SUehQ187-yBrM9Dsi2qKxQX981JFsctEnJLaabvoWUMQsMucTJXBRp5X_bGJ70XjgB85DNWTVqw7XwEfe_piM5DcvjVcR86bYMw-Qs46a3IzvIDs54X9--frM35IHLNrpwVbfsg4qgmya_GTPF4NSVab0xaQ".to_string(),
				e: "AQAB".to_string(),
				}
			),
		},
		Jwk{
			common: jsonwebtoken::jwk::CommonParameters {
				public_key_use: Some(jsonwebtoken::jwk::PublicKeyUse::Signature),
				key_operations: None,
				algorithm: Some(jsonwebtoken::Algorithm::RS256),
				key_id: Some("test_2".to_string()),
				x509_url: None,
				x509_chain: Some(vec![
					"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".to_string(),
				]),
				x509_sha1_fingerprint: None,
				x509_sha256_fingerprint: None,
			},
			algorithm: jsonwebtoken::jwk::AlgorithmParameters::RSA(
				jsonwebtoken::jwk::RSAKeyParameters{
				key_type: jsonwebtoken::jwk::RSAKeyType::RSA,
				n: "vtOCOuiM_JI87mQ8E6ICCJLSC5KliR9vQC0s1XJV4A17m-CMmgFAN7u8AabrxId-3zjUZAE-nkpanENM76WIQJUCdt1H1gfC5lY4a49FVXA2q1WZLwDvlgb-ZNYZXi2vaH50uONXeO9XSG9dEnBUVKGVRL34GqB68UGgXrPGLkAcjH-TW0KDXLZ-FKXNhQfESIVGDHRGG0l-LPK_1AegtJjdEUjhA4CQ-1jA3kLVfr2cQc8rRD5b486R5XvC4xBlZNFFP7Fm5if4khhAJC-JnnYWgmytPM4Q7mOWatRr08wQmmfQDDrw53IseNA-yKnwHYlJ6ChU_UtNzS0OipUapQ".to_string(),
				e: "AQAB".to_string(),
				}
			),
		}
		],
	}
	});

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_golden_path() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Get first token configuration from remote location
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_ok(), "Failed to validate token the first time: {:?}", res.err());

		// Drop server to force usage of the local cache
		drop(mock_server);

		// Get second token configuration from local cache
		let res = config(&ds, "test_2", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_ok(), "Failed to validate token the second time: {:?}", res.err());
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_capabilities_default() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(Capabilities::default());
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.expect(0)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Get token configuration from unallowed remote location
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_err(), "Unexpected success validating token from unallowed remote location");
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_capabilities_specific_port() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1:443").unwrap()].into(), // Different port from server
			)),
		);
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.expect(0)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Get token configuration from unallowed remote location
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_err(), "Unexpected success validating token from unallowed remote location");
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_cache_expiration() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.expect(2)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Get token configuration from remote location
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_ok(), "Failed to validate token the first time: {:?}", res.err());

		// Wait for cache to expire
		std::thread::sleep((*CACHE_EXPIRATION + Duration::seconds(1)).to_std().unwrap());

		// Get same token configuration again after cache has expired
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_ok(), "Failed to validate token the second time: {:?}", res.err());

		// The server will panic if it does not receive exactly two expected requests
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_cache_cooldown() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.expect(1)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Use token with invalid key identifier claim to force cache refresh
		let res = config(&ds, "invalid", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_err(), "Unexpected success validating token with invalid key identifier");

		// Use token with invalid key identifier claim to force cache refresh again before cooldown
		let res = config(&ds, "invalid", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_err(), "Unexpected success validating token with invalid key identifier");

		// The server will panic if it receives more than the single expected request
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_cache_expiration_remote_down() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.up_to_n_times(1) // Only respond the first time
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Get token configuration from remote location
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(res.is_ok(), "Failed to validate token the first time: {:?}", res.err());

		// Wait for cache to expire
		std::thread::sleep((*CACHE_EXPIRATION + Duration::seconds(1)).to_std().unwrap());

		// Get same token configuration again after cache has expired
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_err(),
			"Unexpected success validating token with an expired cache and remote down"
		);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_unsupported_algorithm() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let mut jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();
		jwks.keys[0].common.algorithm = None;

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_err(),
			"Unexpected success validating token with key using unsupported algorithm"
		);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_no_key_use() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let mut jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();
		jwks.keys[0].common.public_key_use = None;

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_ok(),
			"Failed to validate token with key that does not specify use: {:?}",
			res.err()
		);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_key_use_enc() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let mut jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();
		jwks.keys[0].common.public_key_use = Some(jsonwebtoken::jwk::PublicKeyUse::Encryption);

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_err(),
			"Unexpected success validating token with key that only supports encryption"
		);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_key_ops_encrypt_only() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let mut jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();
		jwks.keys[0].common.key_operations = Some(vec![jsonwebtoken::jwk::KeyOperations::Encrypt]);

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(jwks);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_err(),
			"Unexpected success validating token with key that only supports encryption"
		);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn test_remote_down() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(500);
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;

		let url = mock_server.uri();

		// Get token configuration from remote location responding with Internal Server Error
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_err(),
			"Unexpected success validating token configuration with unavailable remote location"
		);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
	async fn test_remote_timeout() {
		let ds = Datastore::new("memory").await.unwrap().with_capabilities(
			Capabilities::default().with_network_targets(Targets::<NetTarget>::Some(
				[NetTarget::from_str("127.0.0.1").unwrap()].into(),
			)),
		);
		let jwks = DEFAULT_JWKS.clone();

		let jwks_path = format!("{}/jwks.json", random_path());
		let mock_server = MockServer::start().await;
		let response = ResponseTemplate::new(200)
			.set_body_json(jwks)
			.set_delay((*REMOTE_TIMEOUT + Duration::seconds(10)).to_std().unwrap());
		Mock::given(method("GET"))
			.and(path(&jwks_path))
			.respond_with(response)
			.expect(1)
			.mount(&mock_server)
			.await;
		let url = mock_server.uri();

		let start_time = Utc::now();
		// Get token configuration from remote location responding very slowly
		let res = config(&ds, "test_1", &format!("{}/{}", &url, &jwks_path)).await;
		assert!(
			res.is_err(),
			"Unexpected success validating token configuration with unavailable remote location"
		);
		assert!(
			Utc::now() - start_time < *REMOTE_TIMEOUT + Duration::seconds(1),
			"Remote request was not aborted immediately after timeout"
		);
	}
}