diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 03081047..bcaabf55 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3710,11 +3710,12 @@ checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "storekey"
-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "475592c1aa8849fa7874777c9df46aa93ffc47851c7c60bee88b1745a1adb893"
+checksum = "43c42833834a5d23b344f71d87114e0cc9994766a5c42938f4b50e7b2aef85b2"
 dependencies = [
  "byteorder",
+ "memchr",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
 ]
diff --git a/lib/Cargo.toml b/lib/Cargo.toml
index 7a8e4786..9c14d38b 100644
--- a/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ serde = { version = "1.0.160", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0.96"
 sha-1 = "0.10.1"
 sha2 = "0.10.6"
-storekey = "0.4.1"
+storekey = "0.5.0"
 thiserror = "1.0.40"
 tikv = { version = "0.1.0", package = "tikv-client", optional = true }
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7.7", optional = true, features = ["compat"] }
diff --git a/lib/src/key/database.rs b/lib/src/key/database.rs
index 9397a06c..d9bf5383 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/database.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/database.rs
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Database {
+pub struct Database<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Database {
-	Database::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str) -> Database<'a> {
+	Database::new(ns, db)
 }
 
-impl Database {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String) -> Database {
-		Database {
+impl<'a> Database<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Database::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Database::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Database::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/db.rs b/lib/src/key/db.rs
index 3f0941e8..be447eff 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/db.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/db.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Db {
+pub struct Db<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Db {
-	Db::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str) -> Db<'a> {
+	Db::new(ns, db)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Db {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String) -> Db {
-		Db {
+impl<'a> Db<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Db::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Db::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Db::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/dl.rs b/lib/src/key/dl.rs
index d2ab4e7c..c6b851d7 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/dl.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/dl.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Dl {
+pub struct Dl<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
-	pub dl: String,
+	pub dl: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, dl: &str) -> Dl {
-	Dl::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), dl.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, dl: &'a str) -> Dl<'a> {
+	Dl::new(ns, db, dl)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Dl {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, dl: String) -> Dl {
-		Dl {
+impl<'a> Dl<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, dl: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Dl::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Dl::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Dl::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/dt.rs b/lib/src/key/dt.rs
index d09c322a..5d68c486 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/dt.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/dt.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Dt {
+pub struct Dt<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
-	pub tk: String,
+	pub tk: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Dt {
-	Dt::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str) -> Dt<'a> {
+	Dt::new(ns, db, tb)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Dt {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tk: String) -> Dt {
-		Dt {
+impl<'a> Dt<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tk: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Dt::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Dt::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Dt::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/ev.rs b/lib/src/key/ev.rs
index e7f7e372..92904039 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/ev.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/ev.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Ev {
+pub struct Ev<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	_f: u8,
-	pub ev: String,
+	pub ev: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ev: &str) -> Ev {
-	Ev::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string(), ev.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ev: &'a str) -> Ev<'a> {
+	Ev::new(ns, db, tb, ev)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Ev {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, ev: String) -> Ev {
-		Ev {
+impl<'a> Ev<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ev: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Ev::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Ev::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Ev::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/fc.rs b/lib/src/key/fc.rs
index da42643e..cc2e5652 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/fc.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/fc.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Fc {
+pub struct Fc<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
-	pub fc: String,
+	pub fc: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, fc: &str) -> Fc {
-	Fc::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), fc.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, fc: &'a str) -> Fc<'a> {
+	Fc::new(ns, db, fc)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Fc {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, fc: String) -> Fc {
-		Fc {
+impl<'a> Fc<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, fc: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Fc::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Fc::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Fc::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/fd.rs b/lib/src/key/fd.rs
index 1d61ba28..ee33bda2 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/fd.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/fd.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Fd {
+pub struct Fd<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	_f: u8,
-	pub fd: String,
+	pub fd: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, fd: &str) -> Fd {
-	Fd::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string(), fd.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, fd: &'a str) -> Fd<'a> {
+	Fd::new(ns, db, tb, fd)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Fd {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, fd: String) -> Fd {
-		Fd {
+impl<'a> Fd<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, fd: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Fd::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Fd::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Fd::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/ft.rs b/lib/src/key/ft.rs
index 547d27cd..6042c3ad 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/ft.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/ft.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Ft {
+pub struct Ft<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	_f: u8,
-	pub ft: String,
+	pub ft: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ft: &str) -> Ft {
-	Ft::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string(), ft.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ft: &'a str) -> Ft<'a> {
+	Ft::new(ns, db, tb, ft)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Ft {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, ft: String) -> Ft {
-		Ft {
+impl<'a> Ft<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ft: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Ft::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Ft::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Ft::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/graph.rs b/lib/src/key/graph.rs
index 4c34e0fd..762c5989 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/graph.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/graph.rs
@@ -5,28 +5,28 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-struct Prefix {
+struct Prefix<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	pub id: Id,
 }
 
-impl Prefix {
-	fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id) -> Prefix {
-		Prefix {
+impl<'a> Prefix<'a> {
+	fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, id: &Id) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
-			ns: ns.to_string(),
+			ns,
 			_b: 0x2a, // *
-			db: db.to_string(),
+			db,
 			_c: 0x2a, // *
-			tb: tb.to_string(),
+			tb,
 			_d: 0x7e, // ~
 			id: id.to_owned(),
 		}
@@ -34,29 +34,29 @@ impl Prefix {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-struct PrefixEg {
+struct PrefixEg<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	pub id: Id,
 	pub eg: Dir,
 }
 
-impl PrefixEg {
-	fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id, eg: &Dir) -> PrefixEg {
-		PrefixEg {
+impl<'a> PrefixEg<'a> {
+	fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, id: &Id, eg: &Dir) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
-			ns: ns.to_string(),
+			ns,
 			_b: 0x2a, // *
-			db: db.to_string(),
+			db,
 			_c: 0x2a, // *
-			tb: tb.to_string(),
+			tb,
 			_d: 0x7e, // ~
 			id: id.to_owned(),
 			eg: eg.to_owned(),
@@ -65,63 +65,63 @@ impl PrefixEg {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-struct PrefixFt {
+struct PrefixFt<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	pub id: Id,
 	pub eg: Dir,
-	pub ft: String,
+	pub ft: &'a str,
 }
 
-impl PrefixFt {
-	fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id, eg: &Dir, ft: &str) -> PrefixFt {
-		PrefixFt {
+impl<'a> PrefixFt<'a> {
+	fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, id: &Id, eg: &Dir, ft: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
-			ns: ns.to_string(),
+			ns,
 			_b: 0x2a, // *
-			db: db.to_string(),
+			db,
 			_c: 0x2a, // *
-			tb: tb.to_string(),
+			tb,
 			_d: 0x7e, // ~
 			id: id.to_owned(),
 			eg: eg.to_owned(),
-			ft: ft.to_string(),
+			ft,
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Graph {
+pub struct Graph<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	pub id: Id,
 	pub eg: Dir,
-	pub ft: String,
+	pub ft: &'a str,
 	pub fk: Id,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id, eg: &Dir, fk: &Thing) -> Graph {
-	Graph::new(
-		ns.to_string(),
-		db.to_string(),
-		tb.to_string(),
-		id.to_owned(),
-		eg.to_owned(),
-		fk.to_owned(),
-	)
+pub fn new<'a>(
+	ns: &'a str,
+	db: &'a str,
+	tb: &'a str,
+	id: &Id,
+	eg: &Dir,
+	fk: &'a Thing,
+) -> Graph<'a> {
+	Graph::new(ns, db, tb, id.to_owned(), eg.to_owned(), fk)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ pub fn ftsuffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id, eg: &Dir, ft: &str) -> Ve
 	k
 }
 
-impl Graph {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, id: Id, eg: Dir, fk: Thing) -> Graph {
-		Graph {
+impl<'a> Graph<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, id: Id, eg: Dir, fk: &'a Thing) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ impl Graph {
 			_d: 0x7e, // ~
 			id,
 			eg,
-			ft: fk.tb,
-			fk: fk.id,
+			ft: &fk.tb,
+			fk: fk.id.to_owned(),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -185,14 +185,15 @@ mod tests {
 	fn key() {
 		use super::*;
 		use crate::sql::test::Parse;
+		let fk = Thing::parse("other:test");
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Graph::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 			"test".into(),
 			Dir::Out,
-			Thing::parse("other:test"),
+			&fk,
 		);
 		let enc = Graph::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Graph::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/index.rs b/lib/src/key/index.rs
index 3fae9cdc..a560484a 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/index.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/index.rs
@@ -4,58 +4,58 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-struct Prefix {
+struct Prefix<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
-	pub ix: String,
+	pub ix: &'a str,
 }
 
-impl Prefix {
-	fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ix: &str) -> Prefix {
-		Prefix {
+impl<'a> Prefix<'a> {
+	fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ix: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
-			ns: ns.to_string(),
+			ns,
 			_b: 0x2a, // *
-			db: db.to_string(),
+			db,
 			_c: 0x2a, // *
-			tb: tb.to_string(),
+			tb,
 			_d: 0xa4, // ¤
-			ix: ix.to_string(),
+			ix,
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Index {
+pub struct Index<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
-	pub ix: String,
+	pub ix: &'a str,
 	pub fd: Array,
 	pub id: Option<Id>,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ix: &str, fd: &Array, id: Option<&Id>) -> Index {
-	Index::new(
-		ns.to_string(),
-		db.to_string(),
-		tb.to_string(),
-		ix.to_string(),
-		fd.to_owned(),
-		id.cloned(),
-	)
+pub fn new<'a>(
+	ns: &'a str,
+	db: &'a str,
+	tb: &'a str,
+	ix: &'a str,
+	fd: &Array,
+	id: Option<&Id>,
+) -> Index<'a> {
+	Index::new(ns, db, tb, ix, fd.to_owned(), id.cloned())
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ix: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -70,9 +70,16 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ix: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Index {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, ix: String, fd: Array, id: Option<Id>) -> Index {
-		Index {
+impl<'a> Index<'a> {
+	pub fn new(
+		ns: &'a str,
+		db: &'a str,
+		tb: &'a str,
+		ix: &'a str,
+		fd: Array,
+		id: Option<Id>,
+	) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -95,10 +102,10 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Index::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 			vec!["test"].into(),
 			Some("test".into()),
 		);
diff --git a/lib/src/key/ix.rs b/lib/src/key/ix.rs
index 99368765..0d28ab23 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/ix.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/ix.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Ix {
+pub struct Ix<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	_f: u8,
-	pub ix: String,
+	pub ix: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, ix: &str) -> Ix {
-	Ix::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string(), ix.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ix: &'a str) -> Ix<'a> {
+	Ix::new(ns, db, tb, ix)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Ix {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, ix: String) -> Ix {
-		Ix {
+impl<'a> Ix<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, ix: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Ix::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Ix::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Ix::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/lq.rs b/lib/src/key/lq.rs
index 0a72463e..daa64bb0 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/lq.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/lq.rs
@@ -3,25 +3,25 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Lq {
+pub struct Lq<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	pub lq: Uuid,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, lq: &Uuid) -> Lq {
-	Lq::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), lq.to_owned())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, lq: &Uuid) -> Lq<'a> {
+	Lq::new(ns, db, lq.to_owned())
 }
 
-impl Lq {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, lq: Uuid) -> Lq {
-		Lq {
+impl<'a> Lq<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, lq: Uuid) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Lq::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
 			Uuid::default(),
 		);
 		let enc = Lq::encode(&val).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/lv.rs b/lib/src/key/lv.rs
index e43af6bf..51b13d06 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/lv.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/lv.rs
@@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Lv {
+pub struct Lv<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	_f: u8,
 	pub lv: Uuid,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, lv: &Uuid) -> Lv {
-	Lv::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string(), lv.to_owned())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, lv: &Uuid) -> Lv<'a> {
+	Lv::new(ns, db, tb, lv.to_owned())
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Lv {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, lv: Uuid) -> Lv {
-		Lv {
+impl<'a> Lv<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, lv: Uuid) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Lv::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 			Uuid::default(),
 		);
 		let enc = Lv::encode(&val).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/namespace.rs b/lib/src/key/namespace.rs
index 8bbbaf7c..3cd9a74a 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/namespace.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/namespace.rs
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Namespace {
+pub struct Namespace<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str) -> Namespace {
-	Namespace::new(ns.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str) -> Namespace<'a> {
+	Namespace::new(ns)
 }
 
-impl Namespace {
-	pub fn new(ns: String) -> Namespace {
-		Namespace {
+impl<'a> Namespace<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Namespace::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Namespace::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Namespace::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/nl.rs b/lib/src/key/nl.rs
index ccfa1e16..081cc8a5 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/nl.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/nl.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Nl {
+pub struct Nl<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
-	pub us: String,
+	pub us: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, us: &str) -> Nl {
-	Nl::new(ns.to_string(), us.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, us: &'a str) -> Nl<'a> {
+	Nl::new(ns, us)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Nl {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, us: String) -> Nl {
-		Nl {
+impl<'a> Nl<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, us: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Nl::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Nl::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Nl::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/ns.rs b/lib/src/key/ns.rs
index b7712dfd..32338d03 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/ns.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/ns.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Ns {
+pub struct Ns<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
 	_b: u8,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str) -> Ns {
-	Ns::new(ns.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str) -> Ns<'a> {
+	Ns::new(ns)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix() -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ pub fn suffix() -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Ns {
-	pub fn new(ns: String) -> Ns {
-		Ns {
+impl<'a> Ns<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x21, // !
 			_b: 0x6e, // n
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Ns::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Ns::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Ns::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/nt.rs b/lib/src/key/nt.rs
index 1e9d0c5f..f505fc01 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/nt.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/nt.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Nt {
+pub struct Nt<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
-	pub tk: String,
+	pub tk: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, tk: &str) -> Nt {
-	Nt::new(ns.to_string(), tk.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, tk: &'a str) -> Nt<'a> {
+	Nt::new(ns, tk)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Nt {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, tk: String) -> Nt {
-		Nt {
+impl<'a> Nt<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, tk: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Nt::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Nt::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Nt::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/pa.rs b/lib/src/key/pa.rs
index f887d168..1e727baa 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/pa.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/pa.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Pa {
+pub struct Pa<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
-	pub pa: String,
+	pub pa: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, pa: &str) -> Pa {
-	Pa::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), pa.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, pa: &'a str) -> Pa<'a> {
+	Pa::new(ns, db, pa)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Pa {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, pa: String) -> Pa {
-		Pa {
+impl<'a> Pa<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, pa: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Pa::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Pa::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Pa::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/sc.rs b/lib/src/key/sc.rs
index 95180b8a..d92fb93d 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/sc.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/sc.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Sc {
+pub struct Sc<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
-	pub sc: String,
+	pub sc: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, sc: &str) -> Sc {
-	Sc::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), sc.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, sc: &'a str) -> Sc<'a> {
+	Sc::new(ns, db, sc)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Sc {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, sc: String) -> Sc {
-		Sc {
+impl<'a> Sc<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, sc: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Sc::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Sc::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Sc::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/scope.rs b/lib/src/key/scope.rs
index 5af568e1..a3b0abb0 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/scope.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/scope.rs
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Scope {
+pub struct Scope<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub sc: String,
+	pub sc: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, sc: &str) -> Scope {
-	Scope::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), sc.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, sc: &'a str) -> Scope<'a> {
+	Scope::new(ns, db, sc)
 }
 
-impl Scope {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, sc: String) -> Scope {
-		Scope {
+impl<'a> Scope<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, sc: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Scope::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Scope::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Scope::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/st.rs b/lib/src/key/st.rs
index e4382eeb..3f1675c7 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/st.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/st.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct St {
+pub struct St<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub sc: String,
+	pub sc: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
 	_f: u8,
-	pub tk: String,
+	pub tk: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, sc: &str, tk: &str) -> St {
-	St::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), sc.to_string(), tk.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, sc: &'a str, tk: &'a str) -> St<'a> {
+	St::new(ns, db, sc, tk)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, sc: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, sc: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl St {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, sc: String, tk: String) -> St {
-		St {
+impl<'a> St<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, sc: &'a str, tk: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = St::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = St::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = St::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/table.rs b/lib/src/key/table.rs
index a3bd8097..d92b37da 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/table.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/table.rs
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Table {
+pub struct Table<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Table {
-	Table::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str) -> Table<'a> {
+	Table::new(ns, db, tb)
 }
 
-impl Table {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String) -> Table {
-		Table {
+impl<'a> Table<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Table::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Table::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Table::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/tb.rs b/lib/src/key/tb.rs
index 117514dc..bbeb614b 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/tb.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/tb.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Tb {
+pub struct Tb<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
 	_d: u8,
 	_e: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Tb {
-	Tb::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str) -> Tb<'a> {
+	Tb::new(ns, db, tb)
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Tb {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String) -> Tb {
-		Tb {
+impl<'a> Tb<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Tb::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 		);
 		let enc = Tb::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Tb::decode(&enc).unwrap();
diff --git a/lib/src/key/thing.rs b/lib/src/key/thing.rs
index 92d0935e..db217031 100644
--- a/lib/src/key/thing.rs
+++ b/lib/src/key/thing.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ use derive::Key;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Key)]
-pub struct Thing {
+pub struct Thing<'a> {
 	__: u8,
 	_a: u8,
-	pub ns: String,
+	pub ns: &'a str,
 	_b: u8,
-	pub db: String,
+	pub db: &'a str,
 	_c: u8,
-	pub tb: String,
+	pub tb: &'a str,
 	_d: u8,
 	pub id: Id,
 }
 
-pub fn new(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str, id: &Id) -> Thing {
-	Thing::new(ns.to_string(), db.to_string(), tb.to_string(), id.to_owned())
+pub fn new<'a>(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, id: &Id) -> Thing<'a> {
+	Thing::new(ns, db, tb, id.to_owned())
 }
 
 pub fn prefix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ pub fn suffix(ns: &str, db: &str, tb: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
 	k
 }
 
-impl Thing {
-	pub fn new(ns: String, db: String, tb: String, id: Id) -> Thing {
-		Thing {
+impl<'a> Thing<'a> {
+	pub fn new(ns: &'a str, db: &'a str, tb: &'a str, id: Id) -> Self {
+		Self {
 			__: 0x2f, // /
 			_a: 0x2a, // *
 			ns,
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ mod tests {
 		use super::*;
 		#[rustfmt::skip]
 		let val = Thing::new(
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
-			"test".to_string(),
+			"test",
+			"test",
+			"test",
 			"test".into(),
 		);
 		let enc = Thing::encode(&val).unwrap();
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ mod tests {
 		//
 		let id1 = "['test']";
 		let (_, id1) = crate::sql::id::id(id1).expect("Failed to parse the ID");
-		let val = Thing::new("test".to_string(), "test".to_string(), "test".to_string(), id1);
+		let val = Thing::new("test", "test", "test", id1);
 		let enc = Thing::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Thing::decode(&enc).unwrap();
 		assert_eq!(val, dec);
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ mod tests {
 		//
 		let id2 = "['f8e238f2-e734-47b8-9a16-476b291bd78a']";
 		let (_, id2) = crate::sql::id::id(id2).expect("Failed to parse the ID");
-		let val = Thing::new("test".to_string(), "test".to_string(), "test".to_string(), id2);
+		let val = Thing::new("test", "test", "test", id2);
 		let enc = Thing::encode(&val).unwrap();
 		let dec = Thing::decode(&enc).unwrap();
 		assert_eq!(val, dec);
diff --git a/lib/src/sql/statements/define.rs b/lib/src/sql/statements/define.rs
index 2a978259..57702390 100644
--- a/lib/src/sql/statements/define.rs
+++ b/lib/src/sql/statements/define.rs
@@ -1035,7 +1035,8 @@ impl DefineFieldStatement {
 		// Claim transaction
 		let mut run = run.lock().await;
 		// Process the statement
-		let key = crate::key::fd::new(opt.ns(), opt.db(), &self.what, &self.name.to_string());
+		let fd = self.name.to_string();
+		let key = crate::key::fd::new(opt.ns(), opt.db(), &self.what, &fd);
 		run.add_ns(opt.ns(), opt.strict).await?;
 		run.add_db(opt.ns(), opt.db(), opt.strict).await?;
 		run.add_tb(opt.ns(), opt.db(), &self.what, opt.strict).await?;
diff --git a/lib/src/sql/statements/remove.rs b/lib/src/sql/statements/remove.rs
index fa8d1a51..bbddad18 100644
--- a/lib/src/sql/statements/remove.rs
+++ b/lib/src/sql/statements/remove.rs
@@ -707,7 +707,8 @@ impl RemoveFieldStatement {
 		// Claim transaction
 		let mut run = run.lock().await;
 		// Delete the definition
-		let key = crate::key::fd::new(opt.ns(), opt.db(), &self.what, &self.name.to_string());
+		let fd = self.name.to_string();
+		let key = crate::key::fd::new(opt.ns(), opt.db(), &self.what, &fd);
 		run.del(key).await?;
 		// Clear the cache
 		let key = crate::key::fd::prefix(opt.ns(), opt.db(), &self.what);
diff --git a/lib/src/sql/thing.rs b/lib/src/sql/thing.rs
index 5c48a872..00c231de 100644
--- a/lib/src/sql/thing.rs
+++ b/lib/src/sql/thing.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,15 @@ pub struct Thing {
 	pub id: Id,
 }
 
+impl From<(&str, Id)> for Thing {
+	fn from((tb, id): (&str, Id)) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			tb: tb.to_owned(),
+			id,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 impl From<(String, Id)> for Thing {
 	fn from((tb, id): (String, Id)) -> Self {
 		Self {